A combined daily intake of > 800 IU of vitamin D and 1,000 mg of calcium reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes by 33%. An observational study from the Nurses Health Study 51 that included 83,779 women > 20 years of age found an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in those with low vitamin D status. 50 concluded that insufficient vitamin D and calcium appears to hinder glycemic control and that supplementing both nutrients may be necessary to optimize glucose metabolism. 50 Vitamin D and type 2 diabetesĪfter conducting a meta-analysis and review of the impact of vitamin D and calcium on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, Pittas et al.

50 Other potential mechanisms associated with vitamin D and diabetes include improving insulin action by stimulating expression of the insulin receptor, enhancing insulin responsiveness for glucose transport, having an indirect effect on insulin action potentially via a calcium effect on insulin secretion, and improving systemic inflammation by a direct effect on cytokines. Vitamin D contributes to normalization of extracellular calcium, ensuring normal calcium flux through cell membranes therefore, low vitamin D may diminish calcium's ability to affect insulin secretion. 49 Researchers have also found an indirect effect on insulin secretion, potentially by a calcium effect on insulin secretion. Supplementation with vitamin D has been shown to restore insulin secretion in animals. 47, 48 Vitamin D deficiency leads to reduced insulin secretion. 46 Evidence indicates that vitamin D treatment improves glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. First, the β-cell in the pancreas that secretes insulin has been shown to contain VDRs as well as the 1 alpha hydroxylase enzyme. There is growing evidence that vitamin D deficiency could be a contributing factor in the development of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

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